Introduction
Amid rising school violence and ongoing debates about school safety, the role of School Resource Officers (SROs) has become a focal point. These officers, like Greeley Police Officer Steve Brown who patrols Northridge High School, are typical law enforcement officers with unique responsibilities in an educational setting.
School Safety and the Role of SROs
SROs are sworn law enforcement personnel, equipped with arrest powers, who work within schools. Approximately 91% of SROs carry firearms, according to federal data. Their school safety training often includes specialized courses on adolescent development, cyber safety, and violence prevention, aimed at tailoring their skills for the school environment. They not only spend time securing the premises, they develop relationships with students and staff. We are learning that in order to prevent school violence, good relationships are the basis for achieving it.
School Safety and Daily Functions of SROs
While focused on school safety, SROs are tasked with law enforcement, mentoring, and educational roles within schools. However, there is ongoing debate about the effectiveness of these officers in fostering trust and safety without contributing to a surveillance-like environment. Recent surveys show a discrepancy between the officers’ self-identification primarily with law enforcement roles and the substantial time they spend on mentoring activities. There is no doubt that SROs can have a positive impact in the school environment with the right disposition. Angry parents respond differently when an officer is present.
Statistical Overview
Data suggests a significant presence of SROs in schools, with estimates from the 2015-16 school year indicating around 52,000 SROs were active in schools. This number reflects a growth trend influenced by heightened concerns over school safety following incidents like the 1999 Columbine shooting. With the continuous increase in school shootings it is not hard to understand the trend toward hiring SROs.
Impact and Effectiveness
Research on the impact of SROs on school safety indicates mixed outcomes. While their presence has been linked to reductions in certain types of violence, it has also been associated with increased disciplinary actions, such as suspensions and arrests. This has led to concerns about the contribution of SROs to the ‘school-to-prison pipeline,’ particularly among minority students. However, a recent shooting in Winder, Georgia displayed that the immediate response of an SRO can save lives.
The Challenge of MOUs
Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) between schools and law enforcement agencies dictate the role and responsibilities of SROs. However, clarity and consistency in these agreements are often lacking, affecting the effectiveness and perception of SROs in school settings. No doubt effective SROs must have guidance and boundaries. A strict set of guidelines set forth by administration is likely necessary. Reports of SROs exceeding their jurisdiction is also reported at times. Finding a balance of reinforcing school safety and being a visible asset can be a difficult task.
Community and Safety
There is a significant debate over what constitutes a ‘safe school.’ While some advocate for a robust police presence to ensure school school safety, others argue for a more integrated approach that emphasizes community relationships and preventive strategies over punitive measures. We tend to believe that a combination of both of these factors would be beneficial for school safety. A combination of strong relationships and visible security that is available when necessary is favorable.
Conclusion
The discussion around SROs in schools is complex and multifaceted. School districts, administrators, and communities continue to grapple with finding the right balance between safety and creating a supportive educational environment. As such, the debate over the role and necessity of SROs in schools remains highly relevant and contentious. School safety is dependent upon various efforts and SROs are just one part of that plan. An article about the importance of communication during active threat incidents is available here.